India’s second moon mission, chandrayaan-2 launched on July 22, 2019, from Sriharikota with the GSLV-MkIII-M1 rocket.
On August 20, 2019, it was successfully placed into an elliptical orbit around the Moon.
Chandrayan 2 has achieved a groundbreaking milestone by being the first to observe how the Sun’s Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) affects the Moon.
This observation was made possible by the Chandra’s Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2 (CHACE-2) instrument aboard the orbiter.
On Saturday, October 18, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced that CHACE-2’s findings indicated a rise in the total pressure of the Moon’s dayside exosphere (its very thin atmosphere) following the CME’s impact.
ISRO explained, “The total number density (which refers to the number of neutral atoms or molecules in a given volume) observed showed an increase of over an order of magnitude. This rise aligns with previous theoretical models that anticipated such an effect, but it’s the first time CHACE-2 on Chandrayaan-2 has captured this phenomenon”.
They also noted that the chance to directly witness the CME’s effects on the Moon occurred during a rare event on May 10, 2024, when multiple CMEs were released by the Sun.
The increased amount of solar coronal mass that struck the Moon boosted the process of dislodging atoms from the lunar surface, allowing them to escape into the lunar exosphere, which resulted in the observed rise in total pressure in the sunlit lunar exosphere.
The space agency emphasized that this observation will enhance our scientific understanding of the lunar exosphere and the impact of space weather on the Moon. In addition to expanding our knowledge about the Moon and its space weather (the effects of solar emissions on the Moon), this finding highlights the challenges of establishing scientific bases on the Moon.
Architects of lunar bases must consider such extreme events that can temporarily change the lunar environment before things return to normal.
The Status Of Chandrayaan 2
Chandrayaan-2 had eight experimental payloads on board.
Unfortunately, during its attempt to softly land on the Moon’s surface, the Vikram lander lost contact with both the lander and the ground stations.
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